Outlines and References 



for 



EUROPEAN HISTORY 



IN THE 



NINETEENTH CENTURY 



Willis M. West 



Pubiished for 

The Department of History, University of Minnesota 



MINNEAPOLIS: 

T/HE University Book Store 

J896 



The bibliographies in tlie following pages make no preten- 
sion to completeness. They are constructed hrst with reference 
to the books accessible to our classes, and secondly with regard 
to the proportion of time designed for a topic or country. 

In a like manner, the outlines contain more detail when the 
instructor expects to lecture, and are more meager in those 
chapters, often more important, where the class will present 
topics and work up more complete outlines for themselves. In 
brief, the pamphlet is prepared solely -with a view^ to the w^ork 
of the classes in history in the University of Minnesota. 



Outlines and References 



for 



EUROPEAN HISTORY 



IN THE 



NINETEENTH CENTURY 



Willis M. West 



Published fur 

The Department of History, University of Minnesota 



MINNEAPOLIS: 
The University Took Store 

1896 



Minneapolis: 
"CFjc 'Onivcrgit'? press of /TOiimcsota 



vV D. Johnston 



:^^1;v 



Modern European History. 



INTRODUCTORY— Observations upon Europe in the 

Middle Acres. 



HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION. 

Guizot: History of Civilization. 

Lavisse: Brief View. 

Adams: Civilization in the Middle Ages. 

A. Peculiar Characteristics of European Civilization. 
The commingling and interaction of conflicting principles, 

(Contrast with ancient civilizations.) 
Secured by 

1. Physical separntion of nations — which regenerate each 

other (geographical divisions of Europe). 

2. Intermingling of Roman and Teutonic civilizations. 

B. Elements of European Civilization. 

1. Roman (essentially urban): Municipal institutions, law 
and organization, centralized and irresponsible power, a 
universal language. (Rome accumulates and selects from 
all the past.) 

2. Teutonic (essentialh' rural): Personal independence and 
personal loyalty ; germ of representative government in 
the tribal democratic organization (a possibility, perhaps, 
rather than a germ). 

3. The Church : moral principles and the theocratic machin- 
ery. 

C. The Middle Ages — A Thousand Years of Transition 
Between the progress of ancient civilization and the progress 

of modern civilization — a period effusion of the diverse ele- 
ments, and of reorganization. 

1. The period of mixture — fifth to eighth centuries — a chaos 
of creative forces. 

2. Attempts to organize society — eighth to fifteenth centuries, 
a. On a universal scale — continuity of the old empire. 

1) The B\'zantine empire (relation to the West). 

2) Charles the Great. 

3) Holy Roman Empire. 



b. Feudalism — aristocratic organization from countless 

local centers; feudal /<)rm of society becomes universal 
in tenth to twelfth centuries; other principles survive 
to find their opportunity when the crusades have 
weakened feudalism. 

c. The papacy — attempt at theocratic organization; ob- 

stacles in 

1) Celibacy of the clergy. 

2) Tendency toward national churches. 

3) Assertion of individual freedom of thought (the 

Reformation and its forerunners). 

d. The free cities — democratic attempt ; lacked unit^' and 

]iermanence. 

e. The svstems of "estates"' in "parliaments" — an attempt 

to reconcile these conflicting principles. 
3. Success finally attained by the National Monarchies, fif- 
teenth centurj', which consolidated these elements into 
modern nations. 

a. France (typical): victory apparent at close of the Hun- 

dred Years War (middle of fifteenth century). 
Causes and results 
Consolidation of territory 
Consciousness of nationality (Joan of Arc) 
Standing armj' (artillery) 
Estates dropped 
Royal courts 

Changed character of rule — intellectual power re- 
places physical force (diplomac30- 

b. Parallels in other countries. 

D. General Result at Close of the Middle Ages. 
Centralized despotisms on the ruins of ancient local but tin- 

organizable liberties. 
Germany and Italy divide into multitudes of pcttr despotisms. 
These countries not nationalized; lost their liberties and 
gained nothing in return. 

E. Character of European History from 1500 to the 

French Revolution. 
Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries — the Reformation and 

religious wars. 
Eighteenth century — "Philistinism;" dN'nastic and mercantile- 
wars. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR FRANCE. 

General Works Useful through the Year: 
*Fyffe: Modern Europe. 

*Mueller: Political History of Recent Times. 
*Judson: Europe in the Nineteenth Century. 
*Lodge: History of Modern Europe. 
*Grant-Duff: Studies in European Politics. 
Maurice: Revolutionary Movements of '48. 
Wilson: The State. 
^Burg-ess: Political Science and Constitutional Law. 
Borgeaud: Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions. 
*Murdock: Re-organization of Europe. 
May: Democracy in Europe. 
* Alison: History of Europe. 

*Goodno\v: Comparative Administrative Law. 
Baron Stockmar's Memoirs. 
Lord's Lectures: Modern Statesmen. 
Freeman: Historical Geography. 
Latimer: Europe in Africa. 

Irving and Fjffe: Annals of our Time, 1837-1892. 
Larnard's History for Ready Reference. 
Statesman's Year Book. 
Annual Encyclopaedias. 
Annual Register. 
Poole's Index for Periodicals. 
Fyffe's is the b'est one work to cover the whole field. Mueller 
gives a satisfactorA^ treatment after Waterloo. Judson is briefer 
and compact, but is by far the most readable, and his summaries 
and introductions to periods are valuable. Members of the class 
•ought X.O own or to have constant access to one of the three ; 
perhaps volume I. oi Fyffe and the work oi Mueller make the most 
desirable combination. 
France: 

Guizot: History of France. 
*Taine: Ancient Regime. 
^Tocqueville: France before the Revolution. 
Kitchen: History of France, III. 
^Stephens: French Revolution. 
*Lowell: Eve of the French Revolution. 
Lecky: Eighteenth Century, V. 
Buckle: History of CiviHzation. 
*Gardiner: French Revolution. 
Von Svbel: Revolutionarv Times. 



*This star always means that there are several copies of the work in the 
Librarv. 



— 6— 

Bax: French Revolution. 

Bax: Life of Marat. 

Dumas: Memoirs. 
*Carlyle: French Revolution. 

Thiers: The French Revolution. 

Morris: French Revolution. 
*Taine: French Revolution. 

Von Hoist: French Revolution. 
*Burke: On the French Revolution. 

Mignet: French Revolution. 

Michelet: French Revolution. 
*Lamartine: Girondists. 

Morlev, Voltaire and Rousseau : Miscellanies: I. Robespierre; 
II. Turgot; III. France in the Eighteenth Century. 

Say: Turgot. 

Sorel: Montesquieu. 

Rosenthal: France and America. 

Taine: Modern Regime. 
*Van Laun: French Revolutionary Epoch. 

Lanfrey: Napoleon. 

Seeley: Napoleon. 

Ropes: Napoleon. 

Sloan: Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (Century, 1894-5.) 

Masson^s Napoleon. 

All moirs of Baron de Meneval. 

Thiers: Consulate and Empire. 
^Latimer: France in the Nineteenth Century. 
*Lamartine: The Restoration. 

Guizot: France and Louis Philippe. 

Mill: French Revolution of 184S — Dissertations, vol. III. 

Adams: Democracy and Monarchy in France. 

Louis Blanc: France Under Louis Philippe. (History of Ten 
Years). 

Louis Blanc: The Revolution. 
*Lamartine: Revolution of Fort3'-Eight. 

St. Armand: Revolution of Forty- Eight. 

Normandy: Year of Revolution in France. 

Senior: Conversations, etc., under the Second Empire. 

Lisagary: History of the Commune. 

Fetridge: The Paris Commune. 

King: French Political Leaders. 

Memoirs ofTocqueville and Guizot. 

Corresponcence ofTallyrand. 

Simon: The Government of Thiers. 

Stephens: Lectures on French Historj'. 

Marziall: Gambetta. 



— 7— 

*Lebon and Pelet: France as It Is. 

Betham-Edwards: France Today. 

Colqaehoun: The Truth about Tonguin. 

Elton: With the French in Mexico. 

Scott: France and Tongking. 

Laveleye: Socialism of Toda_v. 

Ely: French and German SociaHsm. 

A large number of other works on the French Revolution and 
the Consulate and Empire. Students who read French will 
find a large amount of valuable original material in the seminar 
room, and there is a considerable amount of further material in 
the stack room. 

1. Taine's "Ancient Regime" and Tocqueville should be 
studied by the student specially interested in the conditions which 
brought about the French Revolution. Buckle has the best treat- 
ment of the literar\' factor, thougli he exaggerates its influence. 
Lecky^s survey is admirable; and perhaps Lowe// embodies in one 
popular volume the best results of a comparative study of these 
greater authorities. 

2. Mrs. Gardiner's compact little book is the best text-book 
upon the French Revolution, and must be in the hands of the 
class, each of whom will be expected to own also Number 3 of 
Volume I, "European History from Contemporary Sources" (10 
cents). For those who can give further stud\% Carlyle (the most 
vivid picture), Taine (a great work, strongly anti-democratic), 
and Stephens (by far the most trustworthy' work), should be spec- 
iall3' mentioned. Von Sybel is the only writer who does justice to 
outside Europe. Bax gives the extreme socialist view. For the 
Napoleonic Regime, Theirs' "Consulate and Empire" is the clear- 
est and fullest account though sometimes ludicrously French, and 
often inaccui'ate. 

3. For France from 1815 to 1871 : One of the general works 
answers all strict requirements, except for topics and for the '48 
period. Van Laiin gives a readable summary. Latimer is gos- 
sipy, but unreliable. For the important period 1848-52, see syl- 
labus. 

4. Wilson or Burgess (the more critical account) should be 
used for present constitutions. Members of the class will lie ex- 
pected to own Wilson. 

5. Recent problems must be luinted down in annual encyclo- 
paedias and periodicals. 



/. FRANCE— BEFORE THE REVOLUTION. 

A. Classes. 

1. An aristocracy — privileged, wealthy, non-resident, scepti- 

cal, corrupt and nsdess — all in the "age of vanit_v" — 
140,000 nobles, 130,000 clergy (70,000 monks and 
nnns). 

2. A wealthy middle class (third estate) — wanting elsewhere 

in continental Europe. 
Serf-like peasantry and proletariat — 28,000,000. 

a. Their misery. 

1) Testimony of La Binyere, in 1689. Cf. Lon-e//, chs. 

13 and 14 for criticism of an extreme view. 

2) A century of famine. TcT/ne, "Ancient Regime," 386. 

b. Causes of these conditions. 

1) Peasantry. 

a) Extortionate taxation (50 to 80 per cent of 

peasant's crop); exemptions of privileged class- 
es; methods of collection ; indirect taxation; etc. 

b) Feudal dues. 

Irredeemable burdens on land. 
Rights to justice fees, intestate's iiroperty. 
Tolls — roads, bridge, ferry, market, mill, oven. 
Game laws. 

2) Workingmen in the towns — machinery, guilds, etc. 

c. Improved condition, nevertheless, of the peasantry. 

1) Practical abolition of persona/ serfdom. 

2) Ownership of land. TocqtwviHe, bk. 11., ch. 1. 

B. Government. 

{Wilson, 176-95, and TocqueviUe.) 

1. Highly centralized. 

Irresponsible king; appointed council ; comptroller general. 
Thirt3'-six intendants for the thirty-six provinces. 
Sub-delegates in each canton. 

2. Powers and responsibility. 

3. Appearance of complexity and partial checks from the 

shadows of old local and ciass jurisdictions. 
(Pays d'etats and pays d'election.) 

4. "The good macliine left to run itself." 

C. Immediate causes of revolution. 

1. The revolution in French opinion from 1770 — the philoso- 
])hers — Voltaire and Rousseau — a luimanitarian aristoc- 
racv and a benevolent king. 



2. Influence of England. Buckle, I, 518-528. 

3. Mismanagement of finances. 

4. Long continued failures of harvests. 

5. Lack of repression of disorders ; attempts at reform which 

incited to more rebellion. 

D. Revolution Unexpected. 

1. Old prophecies — the cry of "wolf." 

2. The movement confounded at first with the other tenden- 

cies toward reform by the enlightened monarchs of the 
century — from which it is to be distinguished by its pop- 
ular initiative and control. 

3. A destructive revolution was not inevitable in the nature 

of things, but resulted from the incapacity of the rulers 
and nobility. 

Taine: "Ancient Regime," especially pp. 13-85 and 329-402. 

Van Laun: "French Revolutionary Epoch," 1-32. (A sum- 
mary from Taine, chieflv, but less graphic and powerful.) 

Tocqueville: "France Before the Revolution" ("The Old 
Regime and the Revolution" is a translation of the same work 
under another name) — ver^' excellent and judicial, especially bk. 
IL chs. 1-6, 9 and 12. 

Adams: "Democracy and Monarchv in France," 32-135. 

Stephens; Kitchin; Morris; Lo^vell; Lccky, V; Gardiner; 
Von Sybel; Buckle, chs. 8-14. ("If but one thing can be read on 
the events introducing the Revolution, this {Buckle) should be 
that one thing," said President White, some years ago.) 



II. FRAXCE— IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE 
REVOLUTION. 

The influence of national bankrupttn' ; the deficit the immediate 
impulse to reform ^rom the court side. "It is spiritual bank- 
ruptcy long tolerated, now verging toward economic(al) Bank- 
ruptcy, and become intolerable." (Connection with the Amer- 
ican war.) 
Chief Ministers of Louis XVI. 
Turgot: despotic reforms; vastness and multiplicity of his 

aims. 
Necker: the American war. 
Calonne: the Notables. 
Brienne: the Parliaments. 

(attempt of all sooner or later to introduce equal taxa- 
tion). 
Necker again, and the 

A. States General (May 9, 1789). 

Methods of election ; problems of organization — double re- 
presentation and individual voting. The National Assembly 
(Mirabeau and Sieyes). Court plan for coup J' etat — defeated 
by rising of Paris. The 

Fall of the Bastile. Sovereignty of the bourgeoisie (rep- 
resented by the Assembly). 

1. Spontaneous anarchy and spontaneous local organization. 

a. Municipal governments — from electoral colleges. 

b. National guards. 

2. National character of the movement. France now /becomes 
France — fused in this Revolutionary furnace. AH France, 
not Paris alone, the revolutionary force. 

3. This new national consciousnes.s, despite isolated separatist 
tendencies, leads a little later to the Federation, July 14,. 
1790. 

4. The various jacqueries. 

5. The composition of the Assembh'. Early reforms of the 
Assembh' at Versailles ; 

a. the declaration of rights— the fall of feudalism— night 
of Aug. 4, 1789 ; 

b. the veto power. 

6. Second court plot (or justifiable suspicion of one "O 
Richard, O my king! ") leads to The March of the Maenads- 
and the removal of the king and Assembly to Paris, Oct. 5,. 
1789. 



a. 2nd and main flight of emigrants \ The Desertion 

b. Secession of the Right / of the Nobility. 

c. Increase of popular influence over the Assembly 
(shifting of parties). 

1) The Clubs and Salons. 

2) The Galleries and street mobs. 

7. The Constitution. 
Civil equality. 

Extreme decentralization with an "orgie of elections" 
(clerg}', judges, and officers of the National guard). 

Political power, by system of property qualifications and 
indirect elections, in the hands of the bourgeoisie. 

Abolition of privileges and titles — equality before the law; 
trial bj' jur3'; freedom of conscience; freedom of the 
press; elective legislature with responsiblegovernment, 
pow^er of taxation, etc.; suspensive veto. 

A constitutional monarchy resting on local self-govern- 
ment. 

8. Mirabeau and his plans; his death, April 2, '91, and ac- 
cession of influence to the "thirt3-voices" (Robespierre). 

9. The flight to Varennes, 

a. Split of the patriots into Constitutional Monarchists 
and Republicans. 

b. "Massacre of the Champ du Mars." 

c. General conservative tendency of the closing da3's of 
the .\ssenibh'. 

General result, to be more clearly seen after the close of this 
first Assembly. — Not a revolution of government but a 
dissolution of society; emergence of rascaldom, stupid- 
ity, and fanaticism ; society to be terrorized and ruled 
by minorities until finally reconstructed by Napoleon. 

B. The Legislative Assembly, Sept. '91-Aug. '92. 

1. Election. The conquest of the Jacobin clubs. Victory of 
the "passive" citizens. The rule of minorities. (Terrorism 
and lack of civic virtue). 

2. The leading problems before the .Assembly for the first 
months. 

a. The recusants. 

b. The emigrants. 

The roA'al vetoes. 

3. War. 

a. Declaration ; attitude of parties ; international re- 
lations preceding the Padua letter and declaration 
of Pilnitz; the plot of the emigrants at Coblentz ; 
royal vetoes paralyze national action. 



b. Influence upon internal {)olitics : 

1) The invasion ; tlie armed petition, June 20. 

2) Brunswick's proclamation. Revolution of Aug. 
10, and the first an-est of suspects. 

3) Fall of Longw y and Verdun ; the September 
Massacres. 

Under the Convention. 

4) Defeat and treason of Dumouriez. Creation of 
Committee of Public Safety and adoption of policy 
of "Terror." 

Further influence in financial and economic measures under 

the Convention. 
Still more important influence in spreading the Revolution; 

it becomes a propaganda. 

C. The Convention, '92-'95. 

1. First Period. 

a. The Republic and universal suffrage. 

b. Split between Girondists and Jacobins. 

c. The new Constitution of the Year I. (Paper) sus- 
pended for 

2. The Reign of Terror. 

a. Organization. 

Great Committee of Public Safety. 

Subordinate committees. 

Representatives on mission. 
The Paris Commune. 

b. Policy (atrocities) to secure 

Military success. 
Internal order. 

c. The economic side — ideals of the terrorists. 

d. Constructive work (Stephens in Yale Rev., Now '95). 

e. Dissensions — the factions devour each other. 

D. The Directory. Constitution of the Year III. A revolution 
in favor of the middle classes. 

E. The Constitution of the Ye.\r YIII. The Consulate and 

Napoleon. 

F. Results. 

1. To France. 

a. Political — in national and local government. 

b. Social and civil (the Code). 

c. Religious — (the Concordat) — ultramontanism. 

d. Economic — the peasantry, land, trade. 

2. To Europe at the time, 
a. Political. 



—13— 

b. Civil and economic. 
The wars of the Republic and of Napoleon — motives and 

characteristics. 

G. Later results. 

We ma\' note, to siim up, three chief principles of the Revolu- 
tion. 

1. Civil liberty. 

2. Political libertj^ — constructively, democracy ; destructively, 

the abolition of monarchies by divine right; government 
must be by as well as for the people. 

3. Nationality, as opposed to the medieval idea of a State. 

Napoleon, as the last of the benevolent despots, maintains 
the first, temporarily suppresses the second, and tries to 
use the third selfishly and deceitfully, but "finds it a 
boomerang." 
Or: The French Revolution estnblished the principles of 
civil libertv, and prepared the way for the two great 
movements of this century — National Autonomy and 
"Triumphant Democracy." 
"The histor\' of the nineteenth century is precisely the histor\^ 
of all the work the Revolution did leave. The Revolution was a 
creating force, even more than a destro3'ing one; it was an inex- 
haustible source of fertile influences; it not only cleared theground 
of the old society, but it manifested all the elements of the new so- 
ciet3^" — Frederic Harrison. 

Note that the constructive influences could not be seen in 
proper proportion until after 1848. 



III. FRANCE— THE THREE SUPPLEMENTARY REVOLU- 
TIONS, 1830, 1818, 1870— FROM NAPOLEON THE 
GREAT TO NAPOLEON THE LITTLE. 

A. The Restorations of 1814 and 1815. 
1. The two treaties and the terms. 

B. Under the Bourbons. 

Louis XVIII and Charles X, 1815-30 

1. The charter. Van Laun, II, 151-4; Fr/fe, II, 14-16; Con- 

temp. Sources; I, 3, for text. 

2. Struggle cf the reaction. Mueller, 90-101 ; Fyffe, II, 16- 

19, 31-77, 356-48; Lodge, 657-60. 
Reactionary elements — the old clergy and returned emi- 
grees ; their program ; Louis sides with the constitution- 
alists until the rapid liberal gains and the inifortunate 
assassination of the Due de Berry drive him into the 
arms of the reactionists, 1820; progress of the contest 
to Charles X's appointment of Polignac. 

3. The Revolution of 1830. Fv/fe, II, 368-81 ; Loc/§-e, 660- 

62; Mueller, 99-112; Van Laun, 11,267-86; Latimer, 
14-33; Blanc. 

a. The "Juh' Ordinances." 

b. "The Three Days." 

c. Louis Philippe and Lafayette — Republic or Monarchy .-' 

d. Results abroad. 

•C. The July Monarchy (Orleans). 

Fj/fe, II, 414-18; Mue//er, 186-201 ; Van Laun, II, 287-362; 
Guizot's Louis Philippe; Adams, 256-86; Lamartine's For- 
ty-Eight ; Latimer, 34-92 ; Michaud; St. Armand. 

1. The "Citizen King." 

2. Constitutional changes; tlie character of the Revolution ; 

a "constitutional monarchy"; charter, slightly modified, 
imposed upon the king; power in the hands of the mid- 
dle classes. 

3. Ministries and policies. 

a. Succession of short ministries of virtual minoiities, 

1830-40. 

b. Guizot, 1840-48 — "Parliamentary government" — a "cor- 

rupt government by an incorruptible minister." 

4. Problems. 

a. Foreign: the Eastern Question; the Spanish marriage ; 
South Sea Islands. 



—15— 

b. Domestic: drift toward socialism (Louis Blanc); de- 
mands for electoral reform and the removal of "place- 
men." Mill and Adams; St. Artnand. 

D. The Third Revolution. 

1. The Year of Revolutions, 1848. Adams, 289-400; Lat/- 

mer, ch. V.; AIU1\ Ely, and references for B. — Giiizot and 
Adams for one side ; Lamartine and Mill for the other. 

a. The banquets and the ministry; the barricades and the 

national guard. {St. Armand for a full account.) 

b. The Provisional Government. 

1) Creation. 

2) Composition (the Moderates — lamartine, and the 

Reds — Ledru Rollin, and the Socialists — Louis 
Blanc. 

3) Its "Hundred Days." Adams; Mill; Ely; Lamartine; 

Poole's Index for many periodical articles ; espe- 
cially Frazer, 90: 4^31 , and Dublin Review , 33: 134. 

a) The national workshops — the Paris mob. 

b) Taxation. 

c) Other decrees. 

d) Dissensions and attacks. 

e) The elections for 

c. The new Constituent Assembly (universal suffrage). 

1) The workshop i iots. 

2) Cavaignac's Dictatorship. The "Four Days." 

2. The Second Republic, 1848-52. Murdoch; Latimer; and 

references above. 

a. Constitution — universal suffrage, single chamber, elec- 

tive president. 

b. Louis Napoleon ; election to assembly ; president. 

c. The coup d'etat, 1851, and the Plebiscit. 

E. The Second Empire. 1852-70. 

As before; especially Murdoch, Adams, and Latimer. 
1. General foreign policy'' {"UEmpire, c'est la paix" !) 

a. Marriage ; relations with England {Morley's Cob- 
den, Vol. II. gives an excellent picture). 

b. Successes. 

1) Crimean War. 

2) Italy, i859. Nice and Savoy. 

c. France and the pope (the turning point in foreign 
polic\^). 

d. Failures, 1860-70. 

1) American Rebellion {Morley's Cohden, 11. 413). 

2) Mexico. 



3) Germany — the Rhine frontier, the Anstro-Prus- 
sian War, Luxembiirjj, etc, 

2. Home administration. 

a. Centralization. 

b. Plebiscites and elections. Adams, 402-72. 

c. The press. 

d. Finances, etc. 

3. Fall of the Empire. 

a. Growth of the opposition in the Chambers. 

b. The Prussian War — collapse of the French military 

system. 
(See Frcetnnn's Federal Government, 31G, for invective against 
Napoleon.) 



IV. FRANCE— UNDER THE THIRD REPUBLIC. 

A. The Revolution of 1870. 

1. The government of national defense — dictatorship of Gam- 

hetta (good brief account, Fyffe, III, 44-7-62). 

2. The National Asseinbly of Boi'deaux — the government of 

Thiers. 

a. Negotiations for peace with Germany, and the terms. 

b. Stinggle with the Commune {Lissagnry; Fetridge; Har- 

rison in Fortnightly, Aug., 1871, in which see other 
articles; Latimer; Simon's Thiers. 

B. The Third Repubuc — by Admi.mstratioxs. 
Simon; Laveleye; Latimer; Marziall. 

1. Thiers— 1871-3 ; "Liberator of the Territory." 

2. McMahon— 1873-9. Wilson, 197-200; Burgess, see index; 

Nation, 19:69; Catholic World, 25:558; Dublin Review, 
73.462; Temple Bar, 71:45; Latimer, 402-9. 
Last struggle of the re-action. 

a. Count de Chambord and the White Flag. 

b. The Constitution. 

c. Responsibility of Ministers to the Deputies. 

3. Grev_v — 1879-87. Gambetta and Feny. 

a. Colonization. 

b. The French Culturkampf. An. Ency. '79-90. 

c. Expulsion of the Princes. An. Ency., '86, and Latimer. 

d. Re-election and fall of Grev}'. 

4. Ca-not— 1887-94. 

a. Boulanger. An. Ency., Latimer and Poole's Index. 

b. France and the Pope — 1892-3. An. Ency., Harper, 79, 

and Review of Reviews. 

c. The crisis of 1893 ; the Panama scandal ; strikes and 

riots; elections of 1893; anarchistic plots and assas- 
sination of Carnot. 

5. Casimir-Perier— 1894. 

Anti-anarchistic legislation. 
Resignation. 

6. Faure— 1895. 

Scandals and cabinet crises — The Bourgeoise mininstn.' 
and socialistic measures. Question of resijonsibilitv to 
senate again in 1896. 

Politics todav. 



C. Fkaxck Today. 

Year Book: An. E:icy.; Lcbon and Pelet, "France as It Is;" 
Lavassenr, "La France;" Wilson; Burgess; Edwards; Lati- 
mer, "Europe in Africa" (Aladagascar). 

1. Constitution of 1S75. Wilson and Burgess. 

a. Central administration. 

b. Local government. 

c. The judiciary. 

2. The church. 

3. Education. 

4. Army and navy. 

5. Land; finance; industry; peasantry. Baudrillnrt, Con- 

temp., May, 1SS6; Zinke, Fortnightly, Nov. and Dec, 
1S7S; Arnold, Fortnightly, Nov., 1878. 

6. Colonies and dependencies. 

a. North Africa. 

b. Asia — Siam. (See periodicals for 1893 and 1894'.) 

c. Madagascar. 

In Europe — area, 204-,092 square miles (2^2 times Minnesota); 
population— census of 1891— 38,3-13.192. 

Algeria — area, 184,4-74 square miles; population, 4,154,732. 

Colonies — area, 2,484,783 square miles; populalion, 43,741,- 
554 (not including })rotectorates). 



r. GEIUIANY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Simcs: Germ any. 

Menzeh History of Germany. 
*Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, from chap. XIX. 

Hildehrand: German Thought. 

Tuttle: Prussia. 

Tattle: German Political Leaders. 

SchiifEe: ImpossibilitA'- of Social Democracy. 

Leihnecht: Social Democracy, in Forum, Feb., '95. 
*Seeley: Life of Stein. 

*Grant Duff: Studies in European Politics. 
*Lowe: Prince Bismarck. 

Busch: Our Chancellor. 

Whitman: Imperial Germany. 

Baring-Gould; German^^ Past and Present. 

Von Sybel: The German Empire. 
*Smith: William I. and the German Empire. 

Elv: French and German Socialism, 
* Dawson: German Socialism. 
*Da\vson: Bismarck and State Socialism. 

Dawson: Germany and the Germans. 

Malleson: Rebuilding of the German Empire. 

Hcadlam: German Empire. 

Ely: In International Review May, '82, on Bismarck and 
Socialism. 

Lavelaye: The European Terror, in Fortnightly, April, 'S3. 

A. SUMM.\KY TO 164-8. 

1. The old empire ; common misajjprehensions and causes for 

them; importance of correct view ; continuity of the em- 
pire; re-union of West and East, 476; attempt to restore 
seat of government to Rome (800) by Leo and Karl, and 
the result in the first real division into two rival empires. 
Office of the Eastern Empire to 1453. 

2. The Holy Roman Empire, 800-1806: Karl; Otto, 962; 

dual headship; tenth to thirteenth centuries, strongest 
state m Christendom; seventeenth and eighteenth, the 
weakest, 
a. Shifting of territory. 

Conquests from Slavs by Saxon emperors, the Hansa, 
and the Teutonic Knights. 



b. Dec.'iy t)f the Empire and disaj)pearance of German king- 

dom after the Hol'.cnstnr.'eii?. (Great Interregniim.) 

1) Causes of decay. 

a) Itrdian and non-German policy-. (Tiie crown 
of the German kings "crushed by the loftier 
imperial diadem.") 

1j) Rivalry' between the two heads. 

c) Growing feudalism (decentralization). 

2) Opportunity- for these enemies — in the elective char- 

acter of the headship. The Golden Bull, 

3) The Reformation and religious wars. (Opportun- 

ity of Charles V.) Death of the idea of universal 
empire. 
3. Peace of Westphalia — economic waste (set back 200 years) 
political disintegration and loss of territory. 

B. Condition in the Eighteenth Century, or from the Peace 
of Westphalia, 1648, to French Revolutionary Wars. (No 
history, but not happy.) 
Biedermauu, Deutchland im Acbtzehuten Jahrhundert, con- 
densed in Fyffe, vol. I. 
A loose alliance of practically sovereign states. 

1. Imoerial elements. 

a. The emperor — practicali_v hereditary and devoted to ag- 
grandizing Austria. 
1). The imperial courts — no power of compulsion. 

c. The diet. [electors, 

1) Composition !])rinces, 

(free cities. 

2) Powers — deliberative. 

2. The states 

a. Of the first order — 

1) Austria: composition, races, government (Joseph 

II. and attempted reforms). 

2) Prussia: extent and population; absence of public 

opinion ; caste and the land. 
1). Of the second order — government; economic and social 
conditions. 

c. Of the third order — 250 petty principalities, 50 imperial 

cities. 

d. Knights of the empire — 1,500 petty sovereigns ruling 

each over 300-400 people. 
(A cabinet of iwlittcal monstrosities, "neither Holy nor 
Roman, nor an empire.'") 

3. AIi!iLary and financial system. Condition of the j^eople. 



C. The Napoleonic Wars. 

1. Steps toward union (Stein, Ropes, Von Syhel, etc.) 

a. 1803. Empire secularized — free cities aud ecclesiastical 

states absorbed bj larger nei.^hbors — (overthrow of 
Austrian influence). "Indemnity." Hereditary rights 
respected. 

b. 1805-6. Alliance of secondary states witli France. 

{Confederation of the Rhine.) Germany now virtually 
under three governments. The middle states bribed by 
the booty of the small principalities and the govern- 
ments of the knights, which they now absorb (media- 
tization). 

c. 1806. (AusterHtz.) Fall of Holy Roman Empire. 

d. 1806-11. Plundering of Austria and Prussia. Creation 

of the sense of German nationality. 

2. Intei-nal Reform. 

a. French social and legal systems introduced in central 

Germany. 

b. Stein's reforms in Prussia after Jena ("possible to re- 

build the foundations now that the walls are down"). 
Annals American Academy, 73. 

D. The Congress of Vienna, 181 i -15. 

Seeley's "Life of Stein;" Fyfi'e, vol. H, eh. 1 ; Larnard; Von 
Sybel; Britannica; Annual Register, 1814 and 1815; Poole's 
Index. 

1. Preliminary. 

Predecessor in Congress of Westphalia, 164-8. 

Necessity of a diplomatic congress to re-arrange Europe. 

Suggested by Pitt, ISO-l, and by Stein, 1813. 

2. Composition (assembles early in October, 1814.) 

a. The four great powers (Metteriiich, Alexander, Harden- 

burg, Castlereagh.) Stein without official position. 
France (Ta//ej'ra«f/) admitted later. These the i-eal Con- 
gress. 

b. All the smaller princes of Europe in person or by repre- 

sentatives — entertained by round of masques and 
revels w^hile the great powers did the work. 

3. The program. 

a. Of minor importance — for the most part already deter- 
mined at the treat}' of Paris. 

1) Terms of peace with France (modified after the 
Hundred Days.) 

2) Restorations in Germany, Italy, and Spain. (Re- 
actionary absurdities.) 



3) New atTaiigemeiits to strengthen frontier agninst 
French aggression, 
a) Belgium joined to Holland. 

h) Swiss neutrality gviarantccd and new constitution 
approved. 

c) Sardinia gets Genoa, etc. 

d) Prussia and the Rhine frontier, 
b. Real problems. 

1) Reconstruction of Germany, 
f^ans and motives. 

a) Stein: United Gernian\- — division of small states 
between Austria and Prussia ; or the Empire as a 
genuine confederation. 

b) Tiie old Rhine-bund: Complete independence of 
each state. 

c) Metternich: A loose confederacy— for foreign de- 
fense and internal intrigue. 

2) Territorial indemnities. (Agreement of Toplitz 
that Austria and Prussia should be restored as 
nearlv as possible to their extent before Jena.) 

a) Russia ("Kingdom of Poland.") 

b) I'russia (Saxony.) 

(Austria by common consent indemnified in Italy, 
Venice, etc. — Sweden and Norway.) 
4. Progress. 

a. The German Committee (A., P., H., B., W.) 

Oct. 14 to Nov. IG — no progress ; meetings broken up bA' 

b. Bitterness of the territorial question. 

1) Tsar's plan for Poland — opposed by all until Nov. 
6. King of Prussia personally won over, and the 
Poland question settled. 

2) Prussian indemnity in Saxony — resisted by Austria. 

a) Talle3'rand's opportunity; doctrine of "Legiti- 
macy;" Talleyrand's brilliant victory. 

b) Secret league of France, Austria and England 
against Prxissia and Russia. 

c) Continuance of the disagreement, Nov. -Feb.; com- 
promise attempted ; agreement hastened by 

c. Napoleon's return. 
The Hundred Days. 

d. The close of the work of the Congress. 

Comprovnises as to remaining matters in dispute. 

1) Prussian territory. 

2) German Confederation. 
5. General I'esult. 



a. Narrow and reactionary purposes — attempts to tramole 

upon the new ideas of nationality, etc. But 

b. Seeds of progress. Austria a non-German power, while 

Prussia is made the champion of Germans- against 
Slav and Gaul. 

E. The Germanic Confederation (1814-66) to the Revolu- 

lutions of 1848-50. 

[Introductory: Prussia to 1806 {Wilson, 242-249, and 
Bibliography); Prussian and Austrian territorx-^ in 1815, 
and results of the changes; Stein's reforms.] 

Composition, povA^ers, character. Grant Duff, 258-59 ; Von 
Svhel; Wilson; Fyffe. Text in I, Z, Contemporary Sources. 

1. ThePeriod==i8i5=so. Fyffe. II, 121-54, 405-12,496, 

502; Mueller, 1-23, 123-27, 159-62; European History 
from Contemporary Sources, 1, 3. 

a. The promised constitutions 

1) In the north (Weimar). 

2) In the soutli. 

3) In Prussia (Prussia's opportunit\-). Thesettingin 

of re-action, 1815-17 (Schmalz pamphlet). 

b. The Burschenshaft, and liberal demonstrations. Mur- 

der of Kotzebue by Sand. 

c. Repi'ession. 

1) Metternich and his congresses. (The Holy Alli- 

ance.) Tlie Carlsbad Resolutions and the May- 
ence Commission — "did not find conspirators, 
but it made them;" gaglaws; imprisonments, etc. 

2) In Prussia — the Provincial Estates, 1823. 

2. The echoes of the July RevoIution==i830. 

a. Poi)ular successes at first, and constitutional gains in 

various states (Austria busied in Italy, and Russia in 
Poland). 

b. Poland's fall arouses further revolutionary movements 

in German)' ; Hambach festival and the Frankfort con- 
spiracy' (idealists and demagogues) resulting in a sad 
re-action. Carlsbad Resolutions intensified. 
"Promises on the part of the princes; unrestrained devotion 
and satisfaction on the part of the people; a call for constitutional 
freedom ; open and secret re-action, revolution in the south ; inter- 
vention of the areopagus of princes ("the crowned conspirators 
of Verona"); abrogation of popular rights; — this is in brief the 
history of the A'ears 1815-30."— Mueller. 

See Papers American Historical Association, lY, for A Cate- 
chism of the Re-action, bv Andrew D. White. 



3. 1830=1848. S_vstem of Metternicli declining. Growth of 
public opinion. Prussia moving toward leadership. 

a. Zollverein. 

b. Landtag, '4-7 (preliminary movements;) the temporary 

failure, because of king's absolutism, prepares for the 
Revolution of 1S4S, when France gives the signal. 

1848-50. The Revolutionary Period. 

From the February Revolution of Paris to the Humiliation of 
Olmiitz. Mueller, 212-53 ; or FyB'e, III., 19-33, 74-81, 114-56. 

1. The March Days. 

( Italy. 
Austria ' Hungar3^ 

( Vienna. 
The smaller states. 
Berlin. 
Constitutional governments based upon practically universal 
suffrage, with overthrow of old feudal privileges, over all 
Germany, secured by universal demand of the peoijle. 

2. The movement for German unity. 

a. The Ante Parliament. 

Secession and revolt of the Republicans. 

b. The Frankfort National Assembly, May 18, 1848 

(elected by universal suffrage;) disiippearance of the 
old Diet. 

1) Composition; loss of time debating a Bill of Rights 
until the re-action begins; (conservative ministries 
in most of the states.) 

2) The Frankfort constitution — an empire. 

a) Kleindeutsch and Grossdeutsch jiarties. 

b) Hereditary headship. 

3) The imperial crown offered to Frederick William IV. 
and declined— March 28, 1849. 

a) Hostile attitude of Austria and the south. 

b) The king's distrust of a revohitionaiy assembly, 
and a torso-like Germany. 

4) Revolt of radicals — disruption and close of the 
Assembl_v. 

c. The Prussian attempt at union. 

1) Frederick William's offer to assume the headship of 
a voluntary league of princes. 

2) The league of the three kings— joined by all states 
except A., B., S., W. 

3) Austria restores the old Diet (her hand free now in 
Hungary.) 

4) The troubles in Hesse, and Prussian surrender at 



Olmuetz. Dissolution of the Union, and restora- 
tion of the Confederacy. 
Close of the Revolutionary period 
in France, December, 1851, 
in Italy, Novarra, March, 1849, 
in Germany, Olmiitz, December, 1850. 
The results of the two years. 

Prussia a constitutional state— and, despite her errors, the 
leader of the movement for German unity. 



17. THE NEW EMPIRE. 

A. Prussia and Germax Unity, 1S50--71. 
From Olmiitz to Versailles. 

1. 1850--57 — No progress except to maintain the exclusion 

of Austria from the Zollverein. 

2. William I (regent, 1857--61 ; king, 1861--SS; emperor, 

1871-88) and Bismarck. 

a. Military reforms; constitutional conflict; rule without a 

budget. 

b. "Blood and iron." 

1) Schleswig-Holstein War (history of the duchies), 
1864, leading to 

2) The Six Weeks' War, 18G6 ; ])arties and alliances ; 
Koniggratz, and the Peace of Prague ; .Austria ex- 
cluded from Germany. 

a) North German Confederation, 1867--71. 
i) Position of South German States. (Napoleon.) 
ii) The Customs Parliament of 1868. 

3. The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71, and The Empire. 

B. The Constitution. 
Wilson and Burgess. 

1. The central government. 

2. The States. 

3. Local government. 

a. In Prussia. 

b. Free cities. 

c. Elsaas, Lotheringen. 

4. Questions since 1871, 

a. Financial policy — silver, tariff, the Russian commercial 

treaty of 1894, railways. 

b. Colonies, 

c. The Cultufkanipf. 

d. The socialists. 

(The Internationale.) 

1) Repressive legislation. 

2) State socialism, and labor legislation, (llrooks on 
Compulsory Insurance, Special Report of Commis- 
sion of Labor, No. 4, for 1893.) 

3) Growth of the partv. 

4) The xerogram of the Social Democrats. 

f. Political parties and tendencies. 

g. The .\rmv Bill and the 1893 elections. 



li. The attempted return to a polic3' of repression in 1895 ; 
the Force Bill ; the attempt to punish members who 
refused to cheer the Emperor; the vote refusing to con- 
gratulate Bismarck, etc. Later politics. 
Gei-m any— area, 208,738 sq. mi.; population, 49,428,470. 
Dependencies — area, about 996,150 sq. mi.; population, abowt 
6,500,000. 



VII. ITALY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General Histories as before. (Murdoch and Maurice espec- 
ially valuable. 

Gallenga: Itah^ Present and Future. 

GaUenga : Italy and the Pope. 
*Dicey: Victor Emmanuel. 

Godkiii : Victor Emmanuel. 

Forbes: Garibaldi's Campaign. 

^/ar/ofte: Italy in '48. 

Oliphant: Makers of Modern Italy. 

Bent: Garibaldi. 

Mazade: Cavour. 
*Probjn: Ital\'. 

Hunt: History of Italy. 

Hadley: Railroads. 

Gladstone: Gleanings. 

Much recent periodical literature. 

A good historical sketch in the Chautauquan, Nov., '93. 

See also, for Italy and the Pope, Contemporary, Oct., '92, 
also Nov. and Dec, '92, 

Catholic World, 59. 

Recent review articles upon Crispi. 

A. Introductory: 

Territorial history to 1792. 
I. To 1494. (Medieval Italy.) 

1. 5th and 6th centuries — Italy the middle land in the contest 
between the Empire and the Barbarians; Result— Italy 
divided. 

a. Critical dates. 

1) 476. Seat of Empire moved from Italy. 

2) 565. Lombards. (Italy not again united till 1870.) 

b. The States after the Lombard conquest: 

1) In" the North— Lombardy and Venetia (Exarchate 
of Ravenna.) 

2) In the South — Imperial. 

3) In the middle— (later) Papal states (generally to be 
classed with the North in histor}'.) 

2. The North to 1494. 

a. Part of the Empire of Karl and one of the kingdoms of 

the Karolings. 800, 843, 888. Growth of Papal 
States. 



b. Part of Restored Empire of Otto— 9G2-1494-. 

1) Visit of German kings (invasions.) 

2) Rise of free city rejmlDlics, and the lengnes against 
the Hohenstaufens. Virtual independence. Glory 
of Italy. 

3) Guelf and Ghibeline and degeneracy- of the free 
cities; Condotteri princes, and 

4) Rise of the Dukedoms. 
3. The South— to 1494. 

a. Eastern Empire from Narses to Guiscard — 1062. 

b. 1062. "Two Scicilies." 

c. "Reunited" (by personal union) to Holy Roman Empire 

(Fred. II.) 

d. Claimed by Aragon and by Anjou (marriage relation- 

ship) on extinction of the Hohenstaufens. Dynastic 
struggles to 1494. 

II. 1494—1792 (to the French Revolution.) 

1. 1494. (Invasion of Chas. VIII.) Bought up claim of An- 
jou and of the Greek empire. Invited by the Pope; (Sav- 
onarola, etc.) 

2. Subsequent bartering of provinces between Hapsburgs 
and Bourbons down to 1748 (Aix la Chapelle.) Italv the 
battle ground of Europe. Famous men — Messena, Bona- 
part, Spinoza, Galileo. Effect upon Italy of Columbus' 
voyages. 

3. 1748 — 1792. Peace ; internal condition. 

III. The French Revolution — Napoleon and Ital3'. Rearrange- 
ments, consolidation, and idea of Nationality. 

IV. The restorations and the states in 1815. 

B. 1815-1848. 

Mueller, 23-42, 129-133, 202-212; Fr/fe, 11,40-41,83-86; 178. 
204, 398-405, 412-414, 465-486; also vol. Ill, passim. 

1. General characteristics. 

a. Governments. 

b. Secret societies — Carbonari, Sanfedesti, Young Italy. 

2. Periods of revolution. 

a. 1820-21. Naples ; 800 condemned to death ; double that 

sent to prison and the gallej's; innumerable exiles; 
Prohyti, 21 ; Piedmont. 

b. 1830. Papal states. 

c. 1848. {Aspirations for National Union.) 

1) In Sardinia. 

a) Constitution. 

b) War with Austria (Novarra). 
Charles Albert and Victor Emmanuel. 



2) In Rome— tlie French. 

3) In Naples. {Gladstone, VI.) 

4) In Venetia (Daniel Manin). 

C. Growth of Sardinia into Kingdom of Italy. 

(Title "King of Italy" assumed temporarily by Charles Albert 
in '48.) 

1. King Victor and the constitution. 

2. Preparatory^ reforms: church and state. 
?>. Cavour. Crimean War. 

4. War of 1S59, and results. 

a. Uprisings for Italian Unity in the duchies. 

b. Garabakli in Sicily. 

c. The papal states. 

D. Kingdom of Italy, 1861. 

Territory and capital; first parliament. (Death of Cavour, 
Jime6, 1861.) 

1. The Six Weeks' War — Venetia. 

2. The Franco-Prussian War — Rome. 

(Italy in Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poems.) 

E. Italy Since 1870. 

1. The constitution — parts and powers. Annals of American 
Academy for translation. 

2. Political parties and leaders, 1870-96. 

3. Electoral reform, 1880-82. 

4. European relations. 

5. The papal see. Gladstone, I, IV, VI. 

6. Army and navy. 

7. Railways. 

8. National finances taxation and wealth. 

9. Agriculture and industries. 

10. Education. 

11. Emigration and colonies — the Abyssinian war of 1896. 

12. Social order. 

Italy— area, 110,623 sp. mi.; population, 30,535,848. 
Colonies and protectorates — area, 546,100 sq. mi.; poptiia- 
tion, 6,258,800. 



VIII. THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General Histories as before. 

Year Books and Annual Encj-cloptedias. 
*Laveleyo.: The Balkan Peninsula. 
*Memoir of Deak. 

Vamhery: Story of Hungarw 

Memoirs oi Metteraicli. 
*Drant Duff: European Politics. 

Malleson: Life of Metternich. 

Leg-en Austro-Hiin^rary. 

Hume: Hungary. 

Whitman: Austro-Hungary. 

DeWorms: Austro-Hungarian Empire. 

Coxe: House of Austria-Hungary, and Memoirs of Kossuth. 

Fournier: Francis Joseph and his Realm in Forum, May, 
1896, for a brief outline of history since 1848. 

Evans: Through Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

Austria to 1859. 

1. Growth in dignity of Austria. 

a. Margravate (Oestreich) in ninth century crea.ted by Karl 

against Bulgars and Magyars. 

b. Duchy, 1154 (with added territory) for successes against 

the Slavs. 

c. Archduchy, 1453-1804. (Successes against the Turks.) 

d. "Empire," 1804. 

2. Growth of heredit\' dominions of the Hapsburgs. 

a. Duchy of Austria seized b.y Rudolph, first Hapsburg 

emperor (1274.) Hapsburg dukes continue to increase 
hereditary dominions in time of the Bohemian emperors. 

b. Hungary and Bohemia added by Ferdinand, brother of 

Charles V, of the second line of Hapsburg emperors 
— who virtually become hereditary. 

3. 17th century. 

a. Wars against the Turk (siege of Vienna, 1683.) 

b. The Thirty Years' War. 

4. 18th century. 

a. (Prince Eugene) wan; of Louis XIV. and wich the Turk. 

b. The Rise of Prussia — Fi-ederick II. 

c. Joseph II. and attempted reforms. 

5. Austria under Metternich. 



6. Austrian foreign policy. 

a. 1815-59. Ital3% etc.; congresses. 

b. 1859-66. Germany; the Si.\- Weeks' War; Austria ex- 

cluded from Germany. 

B. Hungary to the French Revolution. 

Crown of St. Stephen; Golden Bull, 1222; the Hussites, 1414; 
wars with the Turks, and revolts against Austria to the 
eighteenth century; Pragmatic Sanction, 1723. 

C. Hungary and its Relations to Austria. 

1815-66. Fyft'e, II, 476-96; III, 62-96, 154-56, 321-28, 387- 
92 ; Maurice ; or Memoir ofDeak. 

1. 1815-25. No Diet in Hungary; the "System" in theempire. 

2. Struggle for reform in Hungar\^ between liberals and con- 
servatives, and then between the nation and the Austrian 
government; mainh' for civil and economic reforms. 

a. 1825-34. Lower House (representatives) for reform; 

Upijer Mouse (magnates) opposed. 

b. 1S34. The magnates won over. 

Deak enters Diet of 1833 (refuses to sit in 1843.) 

c. 1840. Diet passes many limited civil and economic re- 

foi'ms. 

d. Struggle to abolish "exemptions" of the "nobles." Fin- 

ally the nobles voluntarily relinquish the profits of 
their privileges. 

3. Struggle for Po/it/ca/ Reform, 1847-66. 

a. The program of 1847. 

b. The Mar ell Laws, '48. 

c. The rebellion (Kossuth); failure; attempt to consolidate 

Hungary with Austria. 

d. Passive resistance, 1850-66; Deak; the Doctrine of Home 

Rule. 

1) 1850-59. Military despotism; continuation of 
s\^stem of Metternich (Swartzenberg and Bach.) 

2) 1859-65. Attempt to create local government for 
the parts of Austrian dominions, with strong 
central government (Schmerling); offer of a Diet to 
Hungarj--, and a national parliament to Austrian 
dominions. 

3) 1865 (Belcredi.) Federal period; Himgary still 
holds out for her old rights and the law^s of '48. 

4) 1866-67 (Beust.) Hungary wins; the Dual Mon- 
archy — Deak's plan. 



—33— 

D. The Constitution, 
Wilson. 

1. Imperial elements. 

a. The executive (titles); and powers. 

b. The Delegations — composition, place, powers, method of 

work. '" 

2. Matters of treaty between the two states. 

3. State constitutions. 

a. Austria — central and local. 

b. Hungary — central and local. (Croatia.) 

E. Austria Since 1867. 

1. Foreign polic\-. 

a. Bosnia and Herzegovina — 1877-78. 

The Congress of Berlin. 

b. The Triple Alliance. 

2. Present questions. 

a. Race animosities and claims. 

1) The feeling between the two halves. 

2) The Slav-movement within the Austrian half— the 
Czechs. 

3) The Slav-movement within the Hungarian half— 
the Roumanians. 

b. The Church— the Culturkampf from 1850. 

1) Various civil marriage bills and like measures, 
1894-6. 
a) The veto of the Magnates. 

c. Pan Slavism. 

d. Parties and party government. 

e. Foreign policy. 

Area, 240,942 sq. mi.; 41,231,342. 



/X. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.— SPAIN. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Harrison: History of Spain. 

Seelej's Stein, for the Spanish Revolution. 

Webster: Spain. 

Grant Duff. 

Wallis: Spain. 

Periodicals: See the Fortnightly , in particular. 

A. Survey to Napoleonic Wars. 

1. Union, and expulsion of Moorish kingdom in 1492. 

2. Expulsion of the Moriscoes. 

3. The overthrow of free institutions. 

a. Militar3' and financial independence of Chas. V. 

b. The Inquisition. 

4-. Spain the subsidizing power of the seventeenth century. 
Taxation and industries ; general deca^- ; decline of popula- 
tion— 20 m. (Arabs), 12 m. (Chas. V), 6 ni. (1700). 
5. The French Bourbons and partial restoration of prosper- 
ity in the eighteenth century. 

B. Napoleon in Spain— National Resistance. The Consti- 

tution OF 1812. 

C. The Restoration of 1814. 

1. Ferdinand VII and his coup d'etat. 

2. The Camarilla (50,000 political prisoners). 

D. Spain Since the Restoration. 

1 . The Revolution of 1820. 

a. Interference of France ; and the "crowned conspirators 
of Verona;" Canning "calls the New World into exist- 
ence to redress the balance of the Old." 

2. The Salic law- and the Carlists. 

a. Abrogation of the Salic law in 1830. 

b. Civil war between Christinists (liberals) and Carlists 

(absolutists), 1833-40. 

1) Constittition revised (1812) in 1837. 

2) Espartero regent, 1840-43. 

3. Accession of the young princess Isabella in 1843, and the 

triumph of French influence (life of the queen). 

a. The re-actionary alterations in the constitution in '45. 
Grant Duff, 15-16. 

b. French marriage in 1847. 



—35— 

c. Concordat of 51. 

d. Nnmerous attempts at revolution. 

e. The Absolutist Reign of Terror. 

4. Kevolution of 1868-69. 

a. Serrano and Prim. 

b. The new constitution — radical. 

c. Search for a king. (Franco-Prussian War.) 

5. Amndeo king, 1870-73 ; abdication. 

6. The Republic, 1873-75. (Decentralissed federation with 

separation of church and state.) 

a. Civil wars. 

b. Castelar's presidency. 

c. Serrano miHtar3^ dictator, 1874. 

E. The New Spain. 

(Dating from the restoration of Alphonso XII, son of the last 
queen, 1875-85; followed by Alphonso XIII (posthumous 
son), 1885 — Regency of the Queen; liberal ministry of Sa- 
gasta. 

1. Suppression of revolts in Spain and Cuba, 1876. 

2. Liberal Constitution of 1876. Mueller, 600. 

3. Reforms — mainly of Sagasta's administration. 

a. Slaverj' aboHshed in the Antilles in 1881. 

b. Colonial government re-organized ; Cuba and Porto Rica 

given responsible governments and home rule, with 
representation also in the Spanish Cortez. 

c. Jury trial, 1887. 

d. Civil marriage. 

e. Manhood suffrage in 1890. 

f. Long series of reforms in ta.xation, which in 1876 was 

still upon a Dark Age basis. 

4. Education. 

5. Colonies— 9^2 million population inhabiting 405,338 sq. 

mi., in three groups: America, Asiatic Islands, and Mor- 
occo — governed, with exceptions noted above, as crown 
colonies. 

6. Cuba — through the century. 

7. Army. 

8. Present problems. 

a. Domestic. 

1) Education. 

2) Finances. 

b. Foreign. 

1) Gibraltar, 

2) Union with Portugal. 

Spain— area, 196,670 sq. mi., population, 17,565,632. 



.Y. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA.— PORTUGAL. 
Crawford: Stephens. 

A. To Napoleon. 

1. One of the numerous states of the peninsula in medieval 
times; gradually gains so much national consciousness 
(Camoens, De Gama, Dom Henrj') as to make its subjec- 
tion to Spain difficult. 

2. Overrun by Philip II. Loss of a large part of its colonial 
empire. War of Independence, 1640-65. 

3. Close political and social relations with England until 
Napoleon's wars. 

B. Napoleon Occupies the Country, 1807, when Portugal 

Refuses to Prohibit Trade with England. 

1. Flight of the Braganzas to Brazil. 

2. Popular rising, aided by the English (Wellington and 
Moore.) 

C. Portugal a Province of Brazil, 1807-21. 

D. Portugal since the Separation from Brazil. 

1. Rising for a constitution in 1821; the Radical Constitu- 
tion. 

2. King John, leaving his son Pedro I. to rule Brazil, returns 
to Portugal, accepting the constitution. (By a secret 
article, in a treaty with Brazil, it is provided that the two 
crowns shall never again be united.) 

a. Re-actionar3' opposition of the Queen and Miguel, 1821- 

26. 

b. Abrogation of the constitution (influence of the Spanish 

counter-revolution of 1824.) 

3. Pedro of Brazil, on death of John, resigns his rights to the 
Portuguese crown in favor of his infant daughter, first 
granting the moderately liberal constitution of 1826. 

A» Civil war between the Pedrists and the Miguelists, 1826-34. 
(Arrival of Pedro to act as regent, after resigning the 
Brazilian throne to his son, Pedro II.) 

5. Constitution disregarded; the country distracted by rebel- 
lions and civil wars until 1851. 

6. Growth of constitutional sentiment. Queen Maria folio wed 
in 1853 by her son Pedro V.; succeeded bj' Luis I.; suc- 
ceeded, 1889, by his son Carlos I. 

Peaceful and parliamentary government since 1851. 

E. The Constitution (1826, revised in 1852, 1878, 1885.) 



—37— 

F. The Church. 
Q. Problems. 

Education and Finance. 

Federation with Spain. 

Area, including Azores and Madeira islands, 34,038 sq. mi. 
population, 4,708,178. 

Dependencies— area, 743,204 sq. mi.; population, 5,371,200. 



-38— 



XI. THE SMALL CENTRAL STATES— SWITZERLAND. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
General Histories. 
Adams and Cunningham. 
Moses. 
Wilson. 
MacCracken. 
Winchester. 
Vincent. 

Sowerhy: The Forest Cantons. 

English Historical Review, Oct. '95 : The Sonderbund. 
Yale Review, Nov. '95: The Referendum, etc. 
Sullivan: Direct Legislation. 
Constitution in Old South Leaflets. 

A. History. 

1. To 1815. 

a. The League of Uri, Schwys, and Unterwalden, 1291; 

Mortgarten (1315); growth ef the League — Luzerne, 
Berne, Zurich, etc.; Sempach, 1385; virtual independ- 
ence (leagues of cities elsewhere and their fate); Charles 
the Bold, 1474-77; peace of Westphalia, 164S; various 
forms of the League; growth to 13 states (all German); 
internal discord; Swiss mercenaries: the Reformation. 

b. 1798. Uprisings of the lower classes; French interven- 

tion; the Helvetic Republic (centralization.) 

c. Napoleon and the Act of Mediation, 1803. 

2. Switzerland and the Congress of Vienna, 1815; the Federal 
Pact. 

a. A loose federation; neutrality guaranteed. 

b. Epoch of discord; religious and political dissensions. 

An ill-assorted, loose union of democratic and oligarchic, 
country and city, Protestant and Catholic, German, 
French and Italian cantons (22.) 

c. The Sonderbund; civil war, 1847. 

3. Constitution of 1848. 

B. Switzerland today. 

(Population about 3,00,000; 59 per cent. Protestant, 41 per 

cent. Catholic.) 
1. The federal government, 
a. Legislature. 

(The referendum and initiative.) 



b. Executive and Judiciar\-. 

2. Canton and commune. 

3. Religion. 

4. Education. 

5. Army. 

6. Wealth. 



XIII. SMALL CENTRAL STATES— THE NETHERLANDS. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Rogers: Holland. 

Grattatv. History of the Netherlands. 

Grant Ditff. 

GriiBs: Brave Little Holland. 

A. History ro 1815. 

1. Beginnings of Flanders and Holland, ninth century, fiefs 
of the empire. 

a. Liberal governments. 

b. Early decline of feudalism and rise of cities. 

2. Fiefs of Burgundy — Philip the Good, Charles the Bold. 
"The Great Privilege" secured from Mary of Burgundy. 

3. Austrian possessions. 

4. Spanish. 

a. The Inquisition. 

b. The War for Independence — southern provinces recon- 

quered b} Spain. 

5. The Dutch Republic, 1609-1795. 

a. Peace of Westphalia, 1648. 

b. Progress in povi^er and civilization. 

c. Struggles with Louis XIV. 

d. Stadtholder hereditary, 1748. 

6. The Batavian Republic, 1795-1806. 

7. Kingdom of Holland (Louis Napoleon.) 

8. Consolidation with France, 1810. ("The alluvium of 
French rivers.") 

9. "The Dutch take Holland," 1813. 

B. The Kingdom OF the Netherlands, 1815. 
Holland and the Austrian Netherlands united . 
The Revolt of Belgium, 1830. 

C. Holland today. 
(The Netherlands.) 

1. Government, national and local. 
The franchise — history of, since 1815. 

2. Colonies and dependencies. 

3. Education. 

D. Belgium. 

1. Causes of separation from Holland; race, religion, unequal 



representation, Dutch officials, unequal financial burdens. 
(Occasion, the French Revolution of 1830.) 

2. The Constitution of 1831. 

Amendments in 1848, and 1893. (Suffrage. Elections of 
1894. Disappearance of the Liberals.) 

3. The Culturkampf 

4. King Leopold. 

5. Industrial agitation. 

6. Relation to France. Fortnightly, J at^., 1887. 

7. Belgium and the Congo State. 

Holland— area, 12,648; pop., 4,669,596; steadily increasing; 

gained 80 per cent since 1830. 
Colonies— area, 766,137 ; pop. about 33 millions. 
Belgium— area, 11,373; pop. 6,069,321; gain of 50 per cent 

since 1830. 



Xlll. SCANDINAVIA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Royeson: Story of Norway'. 

Otte: Denmark and Iceland. 

Berkley: Quarterly, October, 1880. 

Nineteenth Century, January, 1888. 

Political Science Quarterly, I, 259-94. (June 1886.) 

A. To THE Union of Kalmar. 

1. The old Teutonic organization. 

2. Consolidation in the ninth century. Gorni, Eric, and Har- 

old Haarfager. 
Foreign colonization. 
Sweden and Denmark quickly feudalized, Norway more 

slowly. 
Consent of the local Things necessary to new laws nntil 

1200. 

3. Various political combinations and wars. 

B. Union of Kalmar, 1397. 

(Queen Margaret and her nephew, Eric of Pomerania). 

1. Provisions. 

a. Perpetual union for foreign affairs under one king — Eric 

and his successors. 

b. Each state to have its own laws. 

2. Result — the northern kingdoms vassal states of Denmark. 

C. Rebellion of Sweden (Gustavus Vasa), 1521-23. 

1. Growth into a great state— .seventeenth and eighteenth 

centuries. 
The Baltic a Swedish lake in 1700. 

2. Charles XII and Peter of Russia. 

3. Loss of Finland (1807) and Pomerania (1814). 

D. Denmark [and Norway until Treaty of Kiel, 1814]. 

1. Norway a subject province governed and plundered by 

Danish officials, 
a. Loss of Norway in 1814. 

2. Constitution and constitutional changes. 

a. Elective monarchy ; growth of feudal anarch}-. 

b. 1660— Frederick III allies himself with clergy and 

burghers against the nobles. Denmark becomes an 
hereditary monarchy and practically an absolute des- 
potism — until 1848. 



c. 1848. Representative government. 

(The Schleswig-Holstein question, 1848-64.) 

d. 1876. Responsible government, after a constitutional 

struggle. 

e. Constitution today. 

Hereditary, constitutional monarchy ; Riksdag of two 
houses; upper house, elected indirectly, represents 
wealth ; lower house elected directly by manhood suf- 
frage. 

f. Iceland: constitution and government. 

E. Sweden and Norway, 1814 — . 

1. Bemadotte, favorite marshal of Napoleon, chosen crown 

prince of Sweden, 1812, under name of Charles John. 
After Moscow, joins allies and is promised Norway. 
Peace of Kiel ; Denmark forced to cede Norway. 

2. Norway's attempt at Independence. 

Diet of Eidsvold, May 17, 1874. Constitution: limited 
hereditary monarchy, representative legislature, Luth- 
eran religion, independent judiciary, freedom of the 
press, etc. 

3. Treaty between the two states. 

Union under Swedish king — with preservation of her con- 
stitution (slightly modified) to Norway. 

4. Constitutions of the two states and the union. ( Wilson.) 

5. History since the iinion. 

a. Sweden : alterations in the constitution. 

b. Norway : struggle for home rule. 

1) Abolition of nobility, 1821. 

2) Resistance to proposals for closer union. 

3) Responsible ministry, 1872-84. 

(King's claim of absolute veto on constitutional 
amendments. The Sverdrup ministry.) 

4) Agitation for separate consular service. 

a) Commercial jealous}' between the two countries 

and conflicting interests. 

b) Steen and Stang ministries. 

c) Proposal of arbitration in 1893. 

d) The 1894 elections. 

e) The joint commission. 
Sweden— area, 170,979; population. 4,806,865. 
Norway— area, 124,445; population, 2,000,917. 



XIV. RUSSIA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General Histories as before. 

Rambaud: Historj' of Russia (the best in English). 

Russia, in "Story of Nations." 
'^Leroy Beaulieu: The Tsars and the Russians. 
''Stepniak: The Russian Peasant (Revolutionist); Underground 
Russia; Russia Under the Tsars; King Stork and King 
Log. 
"Heard: The Russian Church and Russian Dissent. 
. Brodhead: Slav and Moslem. 

Count Munster: Political Sketches. 

King-lake, I. 
*Tikomerov: Russia, Political and Social (Revolutionist). 

Latimer: Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century. 

Wallace: Russia. 

Dixon: Free Russia. 

Grant Duff. 

Kennan's articles, Century, 1888-89. 

Fortnightly, 1886, p. 545, and Feb., 1891. 

Quarterly, Jan., 1891. 

Sec Poole for innumerable articles. 

To THE House of Romanoff. 

1. The early Slavic tribes. 

2. Rurik and the Varangians found the Russian state, 862 
(Slavic theory, Beaulieu, translators' note, I, 253, seq.) 

The two centers, Kieffand Novgorod. 

3. Vladimir; the Greek church ; imites the Russian tribes. 
Redivisions; princely anarchy; the great free cities; corres- 

])ondence to Western Euroi^e. 
+. The Tartar Conquest of the thirteenth century, and the 
simultaneous Lithuanian aggressions from the West; 
"Muscovy" (Moscow), recently founded by emigration, 
1147, now the center of Russian power, though a tributary 
state; origin of the distinctions between Great Russia (the 
new Russia formed bj' emigration and affected bj' Tartar 
and Finnish elements). Little Russia (the Russia with 
Kiefl' for its center, affected by Tartar conquest and Mo- 
hammedan rule), and White Russia (affected by Lithuanian 
and Polish conquest); political conditions; results in char- 
acter. 



5. The Ivans. 

Ivan III (the Great), 1462-1505, and Ivan IV (the Ten-i- 
ble), his ;2^randson. 

a. The Turks shatter the power of the Golden Horde. 
Muscovy throws off the w^eakened Tartar yoke, and re- 
conquers Little and part of White Russia; Ivan III 
marries Sophia Palfeolo.si^us, niece of last Byzantine 
emperor (Russia the successor of the Roman Empire — 
Tsar and Caesar). 

b. Centralization and despotism. 

6. Another short period of anarchy and foreign domination 
under the Poles; Vladislas and Sigismund rule in Moscow; 
the national uprising — Minin. 

7. Election of Michael Romanoff, 1613. 

a. Territory: no sea coast except on White Sea ; bound- 

aiies. 

b. Russia an oriental state. 

c. Serfdom introduced, 1593. 

B. Feter the Great — Reforms. 

Rambaud; Wallace, 310-11, and 385-89; Beaulieu, I, 282-304. 

C. Growth from the Accession of the Romanoffs to this 

Century. 
Rambaud ; Lodge. 

1. By colonization— (the Cossacks) from an early period, to 

north and east at expense, generally, of savage tribes 
(Siberia). 

2. By war, at expense of organized political states, 
a. In Europe. 

1 ) Peter the Great ; the Baltic provinces. (War with 

Sweden.) 

2) Elizabeth: South Finland. 

3) Catherine: Azof and the Crimea; the Partitions of 

Poland. 

4) Alexander I: Finland. 1807. 

b. In Asia — at expense of petty Mohammedan principalities 
more or less tributary to Turks, or of Barbarian tribes 
— mostly in the reign of Alexander II. — and at expense 
of China. 

1) Asiatic railways. 

2) Present territorial problems. 

D. Russia today. 

1. Population, races, etc. 

2. Government. 



a. Central ("Despotism tempered by assassination.") 

1) Senate, Council of State, Ministers. 

2) The Bureaucracy- — despotism temi)ered by venality 
(the nobility.) 

b. Local. 

1) The divisions (see also Year Books) and the govern- 
ment of each down to the "Mir." 
(representative institutions.) 

2) The "Mir" (detailed study of economic and political 

features.) 

3) The towns. 

4) Justice and crime — the police. 

5) The privileged lands and their fate (trace thro the 
century.) 

a) Baltic provinces. 

b) Poland. 

c) Finland. 

3. The peasants and industry. {Annals Am. Academy, III, 
225; and Columbia College Studies, IT, besides the biblio- 
graphy. 

The famine. 

4. The revolutionary movement (Nihilism.) 

5. Political parties. 

6. Siberia and the ejciles. 

7. The Russian church and the Dissenters. 
S. The Jews. 

i). Education. 

The Tsars in this Century. 

1. Alexander I, 1801-25. The Holy Alliance; liberal domestic 
policy ; Poland. 

2. Nicholas I, 1825-55. Change of policy ; Poland ; Crimean 
War and result. 

3. Alexander II, 1855-81. Policy, Count Mu/ister, 41-43 ; em- 
ancipation ; war with Turkey, 1877-78, and the treat}' of 
Berlin; proposed constitution. 

4. Alexander III. Character and re-actionary measures. 

5. Nicholas II. 



—47— 



XV. THE BALKAN PENINSULA. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General Histories as before: Lodge, Fyti'e, McCarthy. 

Lane-Poole: Turkey. (A short sketch, English, hence pro- 
Turkish.) 
^Laveleye: The Balkan Peninsula. 

Laveleye: Primitive Property. 

Latham: Russian and Turk. 

Freeman: The Ottoman Power in Europe. 
'''Minchin: Rise of Freedom in the Balkan Peninsula. 

Freeman: Race and languajre, Essays, 3d Series. 

Freeman: Medieval and Modern Greece (ib.) 

Freeman: The Southern Slavs (ib.) 

Ranke: Servia and the Servian Revolution. 

Samuelson: Roumania, Past and Present. 

Clark: The Races of European Turkey. 

Seargent: New Greece. 

Finlay: The Greek Revolution. 

Jebh: Modem Greece. 

Tukerman: Greeks of Today. 
""Dicey: The Peasant State (Bulgaria.) (Cf. Dicey in Fort- 
nightly, .\pril, 1896, on Russia and Bulgaria.) 

Latimer: Russia and Turke^^ in the Nineteenth Century. 

Periodical Articles. 

The Eastern Question Historically Considered, Fortnightly, 

40-563. 
Baron Hirsch's Railway, Fortnightly, Aug., 1888. 
The Partition of Turkey, Fortnightly, 48-862. 
Reform in Turkey, Nineteenth Century, 23-276. 
Fate of Roumania, Fortnightly, Dec. 1888. 
Russia and Bulgaria, Contemporary, Oct. 1886, Fortnightly, 

April, 1896. 
Fortnightly, ]u\y, 1888. 
Contemporary Greece, Fortnightly, 1890. 
Russia and the Balkans, Fortnightly, Jan. 1895. 

[The "Eastern Question"— the Balkan Question, the Egyptian 
Question, the Central Asiatic Question, the Southeastern Question. 
Parties to each. Originally the Eastern Question meant— what 
shall be done with the lands in Southeastern Europe, from which 
the Turk is or will be driven ? Three elements of difficulty : 1) the 
Turk; 2) the greed of the great European powers (Russia, Austria, 
England); 3) the rivalries, jealousies, and characteristics of the 



Correspondence 
of races. 



native populations. The explanation of this last to be sought in 
the history of those lands.] 

A. Characteristics of Southeastern European Lands Due to 

1 . Lack of amalgamation of races before the Turkish invasion 

West. East. 

Iberian \ ( Albanian 
Kelt / 1 Greek 

Roman 
Teuton Slav, 

due perhaps to 

a. Superior Greek culture and ethnic consciousness, and 
its re-action upon barbarous invaders. 

b. Permanence of Greek political power at Constantinople. 

c. Absence of political genius in the Slav to organize na- 
tional states(?) 

2. Later invasion of the Turk and his character. 

B. Result. 

All distinctions of race and creed more persistent ; aggregates 
of peoples rather than nations; national type hardly formed; 
enmity of neighboring states. (Austro-Hungary intermedi- 
ate in character, as vi'ell as geographically, betv^'een Western 
and Eastern Europe.) 

The explanation to be sought in 

C. The History of the Balkan Peninsula. 
1. To the Turkish occupation. 

1. Under the Greek empire : culture and wealth. 

2. Enemies before whom the Greek empire fell. 

a. Slavic invasions from the sixth centur\' : Slavic states, 

Servia and Bulgaria; varying extent and varying rela- 
tions to each other and to Constantinople. Constan- 
tinople from this time the barrier against Asiatic con- 
quest of these lands. 

b. Persians. 

c. Saracens: siege of Constantinople, 717. 
The Greek Empire saved by 

1) The Lsaurian emperors. 

2) The l)reak-up of the Saracen empire. 

d. Turks (Seljukian), 1071-1100, in Asia Minor. Sultan 
of Rouni at Nicea. (Turks : Saracens : : Teuton : 
Roman : : Slav : Greek.) 

Repulsed and broken by the crusades. 

e. The fourth crusade. Wars of "Latins" and "Romans," 

1104-64; general disintegration of the Christian states 
paving the way for 

f. Ottoman Turks. 



—49— 

D. Under the Turks. 

1. Appearance, 1240. Chivalrous aid to Mohamtnedan prince, 
and reward of lands in Asia Minor ; cross into Europe ; 
head of the Mohammedan empire. 

2. Causes of success. 

a. Line of ^reat rulers {Orkan, enters Europe, 1346 ; Ani- 
urath I, Adrianople, Kassova, Servia tributary ; Baja- 
zet and Tamerlane ; Mahomet I reunites the empire ; 
Amurath II; Mahomet II takes Constantinople, 1453). 

2. Tribute of children^anissaries; turns the strength of 
the subject nations against themselves. 

3. Climax, about 1550. 

a. Boundaries. The Christian frontier, Venice, Austria, 

and Poland. (State of Russia.) 

b. Danger of Christendom— Siege of Vienna, 1683. Sobi- 
eski and his Poles. 

4. Decay of Turkish power. 

a. Nature of Turkish rule: the Christian inhabitants — 

economic, social, political condition ; taxation ; public 
works; reforms; security, and administration of justice. 

b. The Janissaries ; the Spahis. 

c. Insurrections and foreign attacks. 

{Lepanto, 1571 ; siege of Vienna, 1683.) 

E. How THE Subject Races Won Freedom. 

(Freeman; histories of the separate states ; general histories ; 
Laveleye; Minchin.) 

1. The Hungarians, 1699. 

2. The Roumanians, 1774-1878. 

3. The Greeks, 1821-29. 

a. Causes of insurrection. 

b. The war— Navarino (1827). Freeman, 182-3. 

c. Capodistrias. 

d. Kingdom of Greece: boundaries, etc. Freemaj?, 184-5. 

4. The Slavs. 

a. Montenegro (Tzernagora), 1703. Gladstone, Glean- 
ings, iv. 

b. Servia, 1804-1878. 

c. Bulgaria, 1876. {Gladstone, "Bulgarian Horroi's.") 

d. Bosnians, Croats, etc. 

F. The Russian Advance (to 1878). 
(Histories of Russia). 

1. Treaty of Carlo witz, 1699. 

2. " " Kutschouc Kainai'dji, 1774. 

3. " " Jassy, 1792. 



—50— 

4. Treatj^ of Bucharest, 1812. 

5. " " Adrianople, 1829. 

6. " " Paris, 1856. 

7. The settlement of 1878. 

a. The War of 1877-78. 

b. Treaty of San Stefano, March, 1878. 

c. " " Berlin, July, 1878. 

G. Thk B.\lkan States since 1878. 
(Historv and present political and economic conditions — consti- 
tutions). 

I. In common : 

1. Jewish question. 

2. The Greek church and the other sects. 

3. Economic progress. 

II. The separate states. 

1. Servia (the House Comniunites, or Zadrugas — Laveleye's 
"Primitive Property." 

2. Montenegro. Gladstone, "Gleanings." 

3. Bulgaria (Great Bulgaria and the Servian War). Russian 
and anti-Russian policies. 

4. Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

5. Roumania (peasant emancipation). 

6. Greece. 

7. "Turkey." (The Armenian atrocities and Crete.) 
Distinctions between these Slav peoples and especially between 

the different branches of the Serbs. 

ti. The Balkan Question Today. 

1. What the question is. 

2. Aims of: 

a. Russia. 

b. Austria. 

c. England (Greece, Servia, Bulgaria). 

3. Possible solutions. 

a. Russian dominance. 

1) Conquest. 

2) Suzeraintv. 

b. Austrian dominance. 

c. A group of independent states [Constantinople a free 

city(?)]. 
Conflicting claims. 

d. A Balkan confederation. 

1) W^ith Austria. 

2) W'ithout Austria. 



XVI. ENGLAND. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

See General Histories, etc. 
'*Burgess. 
Wilson. 

Hansard: Parliamentary History. 
*May, Taswell-Langmead, Young: Constitutional Histories. 
Fyffe: Annals of our Time. 
* Bagehot: English Constitution. 
Amos: English Constitution. 
Dicey: The Law of the Constitution. 
Anson: Law and Custom of the Constitution. 
*Boutmy: English Constitution. 
Dicey: The Privy Council. 
Todd: Parliamentary Government. 
Lecky: Eighteenth Century. 
*McCarthy: Epoch of Reform. 

*Our Own Times. 

*England Under Gladstone. 
Molesworth: History of England, 3 vols. 
Walpole: History of England, 3 vols. 
*Bright: History of England, vol. IV. 
Recollections of Lord John Russell. 
*Imperial Parliament Series (valuable.) 
^English Citizen Series (valuable.) 
*Toynhee: Industrial Revolution. 
Porritt: Englishman at Home. 
Escott: England. 
Morley: Life ot Cobden. 
Woods: English Social Movements. 
Webb: The Radical Program. 
Webb: History of Trade Unionism. 
Morris a.nA Bax: Socialism, Growth and Outcome. 
Schaffle: Impossibility of Social Democracy-. 
SAaw: Fabian Essays. 
Booth: In Darkest England. 
Smaller: London Letters. 
Ward: Queen Victoria. 

Lives of the Lord Chancellors, vol. X. (Brougham.) 
Brougham's Acts and Bills, 1811-57. 
MilVs Dissertations, vols. I. Ill and IV. 
The Radical Program. 



—52 — 

Gin'zot: Historj' of England. 
Cox: Reform Bills of 1866-67. 

On the Eve. (Political Handbook for Campaign of 1892.) 
Shaw: Municipal Government in Great Britain. 
Liberal Federation Publications. 

Numerous articles upon English Politics in the English Re- 
views. 

Colonial, Eastern, and Irish Policy. 
Dilke: Problems of Greater Britain. 
Dilke: Problems of Defense. 
Seelev: Expansion of England. {Morley' s Review in Miscel. 

HI.) 
Lucas: Historical Geography of British Colonies. 
Milner: England in Egj^pt. 
Vamhery: Coming Struggle for India. 
Parkin: Problems of National Unity. 
Payne: European Colonies. 
Lecky: The Empire and Its Value. 
Goldwin Smith: The Empire. 
Bartlett: Union or Separation. 
Rowe: Bonds of Disunion. 

Ingram: History of the Irish Union (a defense.) 
Teal: South Africa. 
Scott Keltic: Race for Africa. 
Knight: Rhodesia Today. 
Latimer: Europe in Africa. 
Goldwin-Smith: Canada. 
McCoan: Egypt. 
Wallace: Egypt. 

Trail: The Burden of Egypt, in 19th Century, April, 1896. 
Wylde: The Soudan. 
Joyce: History of Ireland. 
Lome: Imperial Federation. 
Cotton and Payne: Colonies and Dependencies. 
Elliot: Northeastern Fisheries. 
Deane: Short History of Ireland. 
See also McCarthy's works, above, for Ireland and the larger 

histories named. 
Froude: English in Ireland. 
Lecky's Eighteenth Century. 
Numerous works on England and Russia in the East, and 

periodical articles upon Federation. 
Webb: London County Council, Contemp., Jan., 1895. 
Hardig: Independent Labor Party, 19th Cent., Jan., 1895. 
England in Egypt, Quarterly, Jan., 1895. 
General works as before. 



—53— 

Introductory — 

England Since the Glorious Revolution, 1688-9. 

A. Gains of that Revolution — 

Supremacy of Parliament over the King forever established. 

1. By Bill of Rights. 

2. By securing 

a. Annual sessions (purse and sword). 

b. Triennial parliaments (septennial). 

c. "Responsible" ministries— in modern sense — representing 

the majority of the House of Commons. 

B. The Eighteenth Century, 1689-1815. 

1. The age of Philistinism (Walpole). 

2. European warfare— colonial expansion: "conquei'ed and 
colonized half the world in a fit of absent-mindedness." 

3. Barren of political reform— except for strengthening par- 
liamentary government, and for vain attempt of George 
III to overthrow it. See Buckle, I, 348-356. 

C. Constitutional Development Since. 

1. To develop and complete ministerial government. (To 
make theministry more fully the servants of the "House.") 

2. To establish supremacj'- of the "House" over the "Lords" — 
1832. 

3. To reform and extend the suffrage. 

a. 1832- First Reform Bill— to middle classes. 

b. 1867 — Second Reform Bill — to town democracy. 

c. 1884 — Third Reform Bill — to rural democracy. 

4. To reform local government. 

a. In boroughs. 

b. In counties. 

c. In parishes. 

D. The Ministry Today. 

Composition; powers; relation to the written lavY; how a 
change of government is brought about. 

Result— the union of the executive atjd legislative departments; 
advantages ; the position of the monarch. 

E. The Privy Council (Todd and Dicey). 

F. Parties. 

1. Origin and History. 

2. Present parties. 



-54- 



Q. Administrations Since 1815. 




Tories — Conservatives. 


Whigs — Liberals. 


1 812-30— Liverpool : 


Wellington. 




1830-34— 




Earl Grey. 


1834-35— Peel. 






1835-41— 




Melbourne. 


1841-46— Peel. 






1846-52— 




Lord Russell. 


1852 —Derby. 






1852-58— 




Aberdeen: Palmerston. 


1858-59— Derby. 






1859-66— 




Palmerston: Russell. 


1866-68— Derby : Disraeli. 




1868-74— 




Gladstone. 


1874-80— Disraeli (Beaconsfield). 




1880-85— 




Gladstone. 


1885-86— Salisbury. 






1886 — 




Gladstone. 


1886-92— Salisbury. 






1892 — 




Gladstone: Roseberry. 


1895 —Salisbury. 






A. Parliamentary Reform. 




1. Introductorv. 







1. Composition of the Commons before 1832. 

a. Towns — rotton and jjocket boroiighs (origin); varieties 

of borough franchise; large towns unrepresented. 

b. The narrow county franchise — 40 shilling freeholders. 

c. Voting — time, place, manner (bribery and violence). 
Result — Corrupt rule ofn small landed oligarchy. 

Need of a sweeping. 

1) Re-apportionment. 

2) Extension of franchise. 

3) Change in electoral machinery. 

2. Preliminary efforts at reform, 
a. 17661815. 

h. 1815-1830 (including repeal of test and corporation 
act, and Catholic emancipation). 
IL The Reform Bill of 1832. 

1. The ministry. 

2. The struggle. (Theory of a conspiracy for revolution — 
The Eleven Days— Fortnightly, Dec, 1892). The lesson 
for the Lords and the King. 

3. Provisions. 

a. Re-apportionment. 



—55— 

1) Boroughs. 

2) Counties. 

b. Extension of franchise. 

1) Boroughs. 

2) Counties. 

c. Voting. 

Result— Power transferred to the middle classes. 

III. Second Reform Bill— 1867. (Cox.) 

1. Attempts of radicals and chartists between the two bills — 

2. Conditions in the sixties. 

3. The fall of the liberals — the attitude of the conservatives. 

4. Provisions of the bill. (Minority representation.) 
Political power extended to the Artisans in the Towns. 

IV. Third Reform Bill— 1884-5. 

1. Enfranchisement of the agricultural laborers. 

Power in the hands of the masses— England a Demo- 
cracy. 

2. Re-apportionment — single electoral districts, etc. 

V. Subsidiar3\ 

1. Contested elections— 1868. 

2. Civil service reform— 1855-1870. 

3. Ballot Act— 1872. 

4. Corrupt Practices Prevention Act — 1883. 
(Century, Majs 1893.) 

5. Educational acts— 1870-91. 

B. Moral, Economic and Social. 
I. 1832-4. 

1. Slaverj'. 

2. Poor Laws. 

3. Irish Tithes. 

4. Factory legislation (carry on to later date.) 

5. Penal code. 
. 1846-52. 

Corn Laws — Free Trade. 

III. Later reforms in taxation; further factory reforms; legal 
status of women, etc. 

IV. 1868-74. Mr. Gladstone's Reform Administration. 
Irish Church. 

Education. 

Trade unions (repeal of "conspiracy" laws.) 

Administration of the laws still aristocratic — hence. 



—56— 

C. Local Government Reform. 
Old administrative divisions 

1. Municipal Reform Act, 1835. London, through the cen- 
tury; present government (Contemp. Jan. 1S95; The Lon- 
don gilds. 

2. County Government, 1888. 

3. Parish Councils Bill, 1894. 

(Attention of late drawn fi-om internal reform to the Irish 
question— see next sj-llabus. ) 

D. The Program. 

The Liberals — "New Castle Pro£;ram" and performance (see 
Porritt in Yale Rev., Feb., '94-, and Nov., '95). 

The New Independent Labor Party {KeirHardie in Xineteenth 
Century, Jan., '95; Porritt in Annals Anier. Acad., Jan., 
'95, and in Yale Rev., Feb., '96. 
I. Minor. 

1. Registration. 

2. One man one vote, etc. 
II. Central Questions— 

The Lords {Edinburgh Review, Jan., 1895). 

The Church. 

Taxation — ground rents, etc. 

Labor. Accident Insurance — Old Age Pensions, etc. 

1. Agricultural — peasant i^roprietorship. 

2. Artisans. 
Employer's liability. 
Light-hour day. 
Factory regulations. 

E. Trade Unionism — Old and Nkw. 

Dock strike, 1889, and the coal strike of 1893. 

F. Social-Democracy in England. 

Q. England as a "Land-Grabber." International morality in 
English public life— Canning, Palmerston, Gladstone (see 
"The Palmerston Ideal" in Century, Feb., '96. 
a. The "Little Englanders." 



XVII. ENGLAND AND IRELAND. 

A. To English Invasion. 

1. Early Christian civilization. 

2. Danish invasions and part/a/ conquest. 
Geography and poHtical divisions. 

B. Conquest— Motives and Occasion. 

[Slave Trade, Territory, Crusade blessed by Pope Adrian (an 
Englishman), and Dermod's appeal to Henry.] Character 
of the conquest. Interrupted by the troubles of Henry's late 
years. Ireland's misfortune to be again only half conquered. 

C. Henry to Elizabeth — 1169-1600. 

1. Organization. 

a. The Pale ("Irish" parliament); 30 or 40 great Norman 
chiefs ; English retainers ; Irish peasantry. 

b. Rest of the island — 60 or 70 native chiefs. 

2. Historj'. 

a. Internal — feuds between the Pale and the natives, and 

between factions of factions. 

b. With reference to England— Little English influence 

until Henry VII, that little being directed to keeping 
up distinction between Englishry and Irish. Offer of 
money to Edward I for privilege of English law. 
Statute of Kilkenny against use of Irish language or 
law^, intermarriage, fostering, etc. 

c. More vigorous efforts to Anglicize the island by the 

Tudor Henries. Henry VII, Statute of Drogheda, 
1495 ; Henry VIII king of Ireland. 

D. English Policy of Confiscation and Colonization— Eliz- 

abeth TO William III. 

1. To the Rebellion. 

a. Exterminating character of wars of Elizabeth. Coloni- 
zation of English agriculturists. 

b. James I. Plantation of Ulster. (Dishonesty of English 
agents.) 

c. Traffic in finding flaws in land titles; the infamous con- 
fiscation of Connaught. 

d. The English law of real property supersedes the Irish 
clan tenure, and the clansmen become tenants-at-will. 

e. Harsh Puritan legislation against toleration of Cath- 
olicism. 



—58— 

2. The Rebellion of 1641. 

a. The massacre (?) in Ulster; 300,000, 30,000, 8000. 

b. The action of the government in driving the gentrj'' 
into rebellion (?) 

c. Complicated by connection with the English civil war. 

d. Cromwell in Ireland. 

3. The settlement of Cromwell. 

(Over one-third the population wasted away; slave dealers, 
etc.) 

Confiscation of all land; compensation for "innocent Papists" 
in Connaught (a second Wales); removal of the landowners 
and better tenant class thither; only a small tenantry and 
the laborers left in the other three provinces; English regi- 
ments quartered upon the land as settlers; the Undertakers. 

4. The Restoration and the Caroline settlements: some 600 
Irish gentlemen restored to their estates as "Innocent 
Papists" before the process was stopped, and the 3,000 
other claims outlawed; the Cromwellian settlement not 
seriously affected. 

5. The Revolution of 1688-89. 

a. James II in Ireland; the Irish parliament of 1689 (the 
only national Irish parliament ever assembled in the is- 
land.) 

1) Religious toleration (disendowment of English 
Church.) 

2) Restoration of Irish landowners of 1641. (No 
compensation for English intruders, except for 
bona fide purchasers. 

3) Bill of attainder against absent landlords. 

b. The Boyne and the siege of Limerick. 

c. The "City of the Broken Treaty" — the settlement of 

William; ruin of the old race completed ; Cromwellian 
sentiment intensified ; nine-tenths of the soil in English 
hands; emigration of half a million in next half century 
to the Catholic countries of the continent ; the "Irish 
Brigade" at Fontenoy. 

P'rom 1692" TO THE Constitution of 1782. English Su- 
premacy. 

1. Numbness of national life; characteristics of the period to 

the middle of the eighteenth centnry. 

a. Religious penal legislation. (The English Church.) 

b. Repressive industrial legislation. 

c. Absentee landlordism. 

d. The "Irish" parliament. 

2. The awakening of the "national" spirit. 



a. Agrai'ian outrages (Irish). 

b. Political "opposition" in the English Irish parliament. 

1) Motives, etc. 

3. The American War and the opportitnity of Ireland. 

a. The party of Grattan. 

b. Old claims of legislative independence. 

c. Revival and prosecution. 

d. Stages of victory; work of the volunteers; commercial 

disabilities repealed (changed conditions); religions 
disabilities lightened. 

4. The Constitution of 1782-1 800. Legislative independence. 

a. Progress. 

b. Drav'backs. 

1) Economic. 

2) Political— influence of the Castle; the demand for 
parliamentary reform, Tind for Catholic emancipa- 
tion. 

c. The French Revolution and the Rebellion of 1798 (Uni- 

ted Irishmen.) 

d. The Union (Pitt). 

Under the Union— 1801. 

1. To the beginning of agitation for repeal. 

a. Emmet's Rebellion, 1803. 

b. Catholic emancipation, 1829. 

c. The Tithe War. Epoch of Reform, ch. 8. 

2. The earh' repeal movement. 
Agitation for repeal of the Union, 1843. 
O'Connell and Young Ireland. 

3. The famine. 
Emigration. 

4. Fenianism. 

5. England undertakes to rule Ireland for the Irish. 

a. Disestablishment. 

b. The land question. 

1) 1860. Re-actionary movement— contract vs. cus- 
tom. 

2) 1870. Extended Ulster tenant right. 

3) 1881. The "Three F's." 

6. The Home Rule party, 1870—. Leaders, in order. 

a. The land league, 1879. 

b. Co-ercion Act of 1881, and subsequent repressive acts. 

1) The plan of campaign (Michael Davitt). 

2) The Phoenix Park murders, 1882. 
(Crimes Acts of 1882 and 1887.) 
The closure — 1887. 



Contributions from America, 
c. Land Act of 1885. 

7. Alliance between Gladstone and Parnell. 

a. Home Rule Bill, 1886; 341 to 311. (The Land Pur- 

chase Bill of same year.) 

Split of Liberals, and the leaders. 

b. The appeal to the country, 1886 ; Home Rule defeat. 

c. The Conservative ministry and Ireland, 1886-92. 

1) Balfour's Co-ercion Act and the proceedinj^s under 
it. 

2) The Land Act of 1890. 

3) The By-elections. 

d. The Home Rule ministry, 1892— . Gladstone's second 

bill and its fate. 

8. Difficulties, and recent developments. The Land Act of 
1896. 



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